Endocrinology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endocrinology - Essay Example These are synthesized in the same cells. However, once secreted they interact with four adrenergic receptors such as 1, 2, 1, 2, and 3 that mediate the cellular effects of the hormones. Stress the predominant stimulus that leads to secretion of these hormones. More accurately stimuli such as injury, anger, pain, cold, strenuous exercise, and hypoglycemia as a result of stress response generate sympathetic impulses in the cholinergic preganglionic fibers that provides the neural impetus to the chromaffin cells, and this ultimately culminates into the release of catecholamines. Biochemically, however, catecholamines stimulate glucose production in the liver, lipolysis in the adipose tissue, and promotes anaerobic metabolism in the muscles leading to lactate production. Whereas, the adrenal medulla responds to predominantly neural stimuli, the outer adrenal cortex that literally encapsulates the medulla and forms the bulk of the gland, responds only to endocrine stimulation and releases a number of hormones which have steroid structures chemically. These hormones are glucocorticoids, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. The cells of the three zones secrete different steroid hormones: the cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete the mineralocorticoids; those of the zona fasciculata secrete glucocorticoids, while the cells of the zona reticularis secrete sex steroids or androgens (Brook, C., and Marshall, N. 2001). Figure 1: Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids act to counteract many effects of stress throughout the body. Stress is difficult to define, but it is known that it includes physical trauma, intense heat or cold, infections, mental or emotional trauma. The effects of glucocorticoids at the tissue level in order to neutralize the effects of stress include cardiovascular, neurological, and anti-inflammatory effects as well as effects on the immune system. Cortisol level responds within minutes to stress, whether it is physical such as trauma, surgery, or exercise; psychological such as anxiety and depression, or physiological hypoglycaemia or fever. The protective effect that glucocorticoids confer at the time of stress would be evident in the observed fact that such stresses may cause hypotension, shock, and death when there is glucocorticoid deficiency. The overall actions of glucocorticoids are directed at enhancing the production of glucose that can be readily utilised in the body to produce energ y and at the same time they reduce all other metabolic activities not directly involved in that process. Physiologic effects of glucocorticoids include regulation of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism. These antagonize the secretion and action of insulin and raise blood sugar levels. At the same time, these also inhibit peripheral glucose uptake. This promotes hepatic glycogen content through hepatic glucose synthesis or gluconeogenesis (Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L., 2002). Taking the example of exercise as a stress initiating event, as the epinephrine and nor epinephrine are released as a sympathetic response, the concomitant glucocorticoid release makes sure that the increased metabolic rate of exercise can

Financial and Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial and Human Resource Management - Essay Example The present study would analyze the case of Progres that is a ship manufacturing company engaged in manufacture of small commercial vessels. The Balanced Scorecard approach is a well crafted strategy in this regard that can help in the overall development of the organization. In this study an analysis of the literature would be done to identify the theoretical aspects associated with the Balanced Scorecard approach. The literature review would be followed with an analysis of the methods that would contain the framework of the Balanced Scorecard that would be designed for the organization.The present study would analyze the case of Progres that is a ship manufacturing company engaged in manufacture of small commercial vessels. The Balanced Scorecard approach is a well crafted strategy in this regard that can help in the overall development of the organization. In this study an analysis of the literature would be done to identify the theoretical aspects associated with the Balanced Sco recard approach. The literature review would be followed with an analysis of the methods that would contain the framework of the Balanced Scorecard that would be designed for the organization. An analysis of the implication of the Balanced Scorecard and its overall impacts on the business prospects of the organization would also be discussed in the study so as to help the company critically analyze the effects of its strategies on all the departments of the organization including the key stakeholders. ... aplan and Norton is a strategic management and planning system which can be used extensively in businesses, industries, government and all nonprofit organizations to align business activities with the strategies and visions of the organization and measure the performance of the organizations against its strategic goals. Recognizing the various weaknesses and vagueness’s of the previous strategic management approaches this score card was presented a clear prescription about the parameters which companies were required to measure to balance the financial perspectives. From the perspective of HRM also, a strategic management system has been designed and implemented based on the scorecard proposed by Kaplan and Norton. This HR balanced scorecard was implemented keeping in mind the new organizational dynamics. It provides the means of monitoring the performance of the workforce, analyzing the workforce statistics, diagnosing the workforce issues, calculating the negative impacts on the company finances and then providing solutions for the same and then finally tracking improvements (Walker & MacDonald, 2001). The project seeks to present the various issues faced by Shipyard Progres which was engaged in building of ships for Shortsea shipping. The first issue is the limitations issued on the shipyards along Winscotencanal on the dimensions of the ships. This meant that the ships which customers demanded could no longer be built among the coast and required to be completed at some other place. However, this means that the building costs would go up considerably. Some issues were also likely to arise from the employees as they would be reluctant to commute more. Moreover a radical change program such as the incorporation of a balanced scorecard are likely to be resisted by