The Determination Of The Rio Grande - 1377 Words

Blair, Akhil, Kyle, Divya (1C 9A) The Determination of the Rio Grande being the Texas official border was influenced by many policies and beliefs. Although one large piece was influenced by the Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny was a belief that God wanted America to expand all the way to the west coast of the American Continent. The Americans wanted the Rio Grande to be the Texas border because of this belief. However, Mexico objected and claimed that the Nueces River was the Texas border. The United States did not want the Nueces River to be the border because it did not fulfill the Manifest Destiny. So then the only way to make the Rio Grande the border was to push Mexican out of the area. American had to make Mexico recognize that the Texas border was the Rio Grande. The Rio Grande is the fifth longest river to run through the United States and the 20th longest in the world. It flows 1,900 miles from the San Juan Mountains of Southwestern Colorado to the Gulf of Mexico. Along its way, it travels 175 miles through Colorado, 470 miles through New Mexico, and the remaining 1,240 miles through Texas. Currently, the river is used as a border from Texas (United States), to Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leà ³n, and Tamaulipas (Mexico). During this conflict, Mexico had a different point of view. They Claimed and wanted the Texas Border to be the Nueces river. This was because Mexico wanted most of the rich land in Texas. They also thought that the Mexicans had the right toShow MoreRelatedMexican American War And The Mexican War1380 Words   |  6 PagesMexican government to purchase the disputed lands between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. When that offer was rejected, troops from the United States commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor were move d into the disputed territory of Coahuila. These troops were then attacked by Mexican troops, killing 12 American troops and taking 52 prisoners. These same Mexican troops later laid siege to a US fort along the Rio Grande. This would lead to the conflict that resulted in the loss of much of Mexico sRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty1009 Words   |  5 Pagesultimately resolved through the passing of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty of 1848. Remuneration was requested from the republic of Mexico which was granted by the U.S. This movement allowed and officially surrendered the land bounded by California and the Rio Grande river. Although Texas had been annexed in 1845 to be part of the Union as the 28th state, this led to necessity for government control that was not easily supplied since Texas was a long distance away. However, the annexation of Texas increasedRead MoreEssay United States Border Patrol1416 Words   |  6 Pagesjoin the Border Patrol. I am from Del Rio Texas, a border town neighbors with Mexico. The U.S. Border Patrol has had a major impact and a long history in Del Rio. In the Customs Border Patrol website, it informs that, â€Å"The Border Patrol Agents of the Del Rio Sector provide law enforcement that not only affects the quality of life of the people along the border but the entire U.S. The Border Patrol is a multi-task law enforcement body that has served Del Rio since July, 1 1924† (Border Security alongRead MoreWestward Expansion Of The United States1017 Words   |  5 PagesU.S. and ended in the defeat of Mexico and the loss of half its northern territory. On February 2, 1848 an agreement was finally made with the Mexican government on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which stated that Mexico agreed to acknowledge Rio Grande as the boundary between Mexico of Texas and to cede California and New Mexico to the United States. In return, the U.S. would pay off any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexi co and to pay the Mexicans $15 million. As Americans pushedRead MoreAn Analysis Of Barack Obamas Speech1167 Words   |  5 Pagessame rights as them also. In addition to posing these series of questions, Obama provides examples of illegal immigrants who work hard and point out the ignorance of the American citizens. Obama describes the true grit of immigrants and the determination they have. He uses a simile to compare his two daughters to the immigrants stating that â€Å"I’ve seen the courage of students who are as American as Malia or Sasha.† The simile used by Barack Obama shows that illegal immigrants who work hard are loyalRead MoreBrazil And Its Impact On America1872 Words   |  8 Pagesrelation between themselves and others in the Black Diaspora. Brazil ties into the African Diaspora because millions of enslaved Africans were dispersed in Brazil. Brazil was the center of the European slave trade before it gained independence in 1822. Rio de Janeiro and Bahia had more slaving voyages than any other port in all of Europe. Brazil was consistently the largest home for slaves between North America and South America. Instead of encouraging natural reproduction to increase the slave populationRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesintended a quick victory, but the war went on much longer than expected. The war reached its conclusion with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 1, 1848. The treaty conditions granted the United States the land Texas with the Rio Grande river set as its southern border and all of the land that extended between Texas and the Pacific. The land became the states of New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, and Colorado. The United States then gained over one millionRead MoreSouthwest Airlines : A Low Cost Airline Operating1204 Words   |  5 PagesHouston, later completing the â€Å"triangle route† to San Antonio (Southwest, 2014). Southwest Airlines did not produce its first profitable year until 1976 when it servic ed cargo between the cities it served. The airline later expanded services to the Rio Grande Valley, Corpus Christi, Lubbock, Midland-Odessa, El Paso and Austin. It wasn’t until 1979 that Southwest flew outside the state of Texas serving New Orleans. In 1980, Southwest started service to Oklahoma City, Tulsa, and Albuquerque. Over theRead MoreThe Massacre of Captain John Gunnison and his Explorers in 18531494 Words   |  6 PagesUnfortunately, Fremont’s team became stranded at the 12,000 foot level in the San Juan Mountains. Eleven men were lost as well as all the mules and most of the equipment. Fremont himself barely survived. While this was a setback, it did not dampen the determination to find a suitable route, particularly to the California gold mines. Progress accelerated when Franklin Pierce won the presidency in 1852. He appointed Mississippi Democratic U.S. Representative Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War and assignedRead Moresyllabus1379 Words   |  6 PagesPaso Community College Syllabus Instructor’s Course Requirements I. Course Number and Instructor Information HECO 1322 NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY INSTRUCTOR’S NAME Evelin Eichler, MS, RD, LD CAMPUS AND OFFICE NUMBER Rio Grande – No office TELEPHONE NUMBER (Cellphone) (575) 642-1850 OFFICE HOURS To be announced E-MAIL Communication with instructor should be done through the class message system, not through the college e-mail address

Beautiful Landscapes and Scenery of New Zealad Is Dying...

New Zealand, which is known for its beautiful landscapes that are often captured on film in movies and television shows such as The Lord of the Rings Trilogy or Xena: the Warrior Princess, is now facing problems with deforestation, soil erosion, and invasive species that are killing native plants and animals (Central Intelligence Agency). With all countries whose population is growing, there are major effects caused by it. According to The World Factbook, a website created and ran by the Central Intelligence Agency, New Zealand is a country made of multiple islands that lie off the southeast coast of the continent Australia in the South Pacific Ocean. With about 268,000 square kilometers of land, New Zealand is an island that has both†¦show more content†¦Many New Zealanders help harvest and build much of their exports. New Zealand main exports are dairy products, meat, and fish (Central Intelligence Agency). They also export different woods or wood products as well as machi nery. The World Factbook states that the total amount of exports are $38 billion. New Zealand’s partners for exports are Australia, China, Japan, and the United States. They get imports from the countries listed prior in addition to Singapore and Germany. The imported goods total about $37,000 and include electronics, vehicles, machinery, and textiles (Central Intelligence Agency). Some major environment problems New Zealand are facing are deforestation, soil erosion, and harm to native plants and animals because or invasive species (Central Intelligence Agency). Greenpeace, an independent global campaigning organization, states that deforestation is a major problem in New Zealand because the burning of the forests have resulted in too much carbon in the air. This extra carbon in the air adds to the â€Å"greenhouse effect† which in turn causes climate change. This change in climate can result in the destruction of more forests because it causes more forest fires and drought (Greenpeace). Another outcome caused by deforestation is soil erosion. There are many types of soil erosion that happen in New Zealand. Two types that New Zealand deals with the most are steambank erosion and surface erosion

Costing Case Analysis Activity Based Costing

Question: Discuss about theCosting Case Analysis for Activity Based Costing. Answer: Introduction: This project covers various aspects of costing analysis. The costing analysis will help to eliminate ambiguity in calculation of the product cost based on the formulas. The assessment of the product cost can be either based on conventional costing method or based on ABC or Activity Based Costing. The activity based costing or ABC costing is more precise in ascertaining the cost of the product. Here in below would look into different aspects of costing and analysis of costs of products (Study 2016). Purpose of a Cost Formula and the Components: Does anyone actually know the cost to operate their own car? If they actually know the figures they can easily calculate whether they can afford that car or not. People do often underestimate the cost of operating a vehicle or buying any product. The assessment of cost of products is of huge relevance to the business. This not only helps to maintain the product cost and to bring it down further to stay competitive. The cost formulas are important for the assessment of the cost to an organization. The cost assessment is based on some formulas. The formulas are primarily used to ascertain the costs of various components. The cost component includes fixed cost and variable cost (Smith 2016). The cost formulas are used to determine the cost of a product after considering all the costs incurred or to be incurred in producing something or introducing a new activity. In case of a manufacturing company which manufactures n number of items, a cost formula helps to calculate the total cost after considering all the fixed costs and variable cost of each product. The components of the cost formula are as follows: Fixed costs These costs are fixed cost and does not increase or decrease with the number of products. The fixed cost are like rent of a factory, salary of staff, insurance cost etc. These costs can be incurred monthly/quarterly/yearly. At certain level of production the fixed costs remains the same. In case of increase of production beyond certain capacity might influence the fixed cost otherwise it remains fixed irrespective of number of units produced or manufactured. Variable costs The costs are incurred in proportion to the number of products. The decrease in number of unit manufacture or the increase would have proportionate impact on the total variable cost of the product. So if the number of products increases or decrease, the variable cost may automatically increase or decrease. These costs are not constant like materials, labour wages, and cost of another product required producing the main product. There are some others costs which are also integral part of the production are duel in nature. Those costs are either partially fixed or partially variable. These costs are termed as Semi-Fixed cost or Semi-Variable cost (Economics 2016). Determination of Cost Formula: The cost formula is mainly based on the allocation of cost and of the overhead. The material cost is based on the actual quantity of material used for production of one unit of goods. The allocation of material cost would be based on the number of units produced multiplied by the actual quantity of material used for production of each unit. This is a significant part of the production. The goods are to be produced according to the allocation of materials. The cost of materials is to be multiplied by the total material used. This would reflect in assessment of total material costs used for the production of the unit. John gathered data for last two years and created the estimation of the cost of goods produced by his company. According to him prediction model of overheads allocation would help ramp up production. The assessment of the prediction model is important aspect for the business. They have decided that if the labour hours and the machine hours are increased substantially, wou ld it help to achieve better production and reduce the cost per unit. In this connection the assessment of the overhead based on the increased labour hour and machine hours become important. The labour hour cost is $80 per hour and they are planning to increase our labour hours to 8,500 and machine time to 2,300 hours. This would significantly increase the production and also increase the cost of the products produced. The cost formula is determined on the basis of the allocation of cost and the cost functions. This approach of cost allocation would give proper indication of the actual cost of each bicycle produced. Once the apportionment and the calculation of the cost on the basis of labour hour and machine hour is complete, it would reveal the actual cost of the product. This kind of allocation and the calculation of cost are considered as ABC costing where activity based apportionment of the goods takes place (Johnson 2016). The actual factors that are considered during ascertaining of the costs are as following: The identification of the activities of production and apportionment of the cost accordingly. The classification of each activity based on the method of apportionment like number of unit machine hour, labour hour. The identification and the calculation of accumulated cost of each unit and the total cost. The choice of most appropriate cost drivers The calculation of total units of the cost driver and the activity rate of each unit produced Application of the cost of each activity on the basis of the apportionment method. Cost item Possible cost driver (units) Salaries/benefits of staff members total hours worked by the staff member Salaries (not identifiable by program) Total hours worked by the staff member (if identifiable) number of beneficiaries/ total beneficiaries; total costs of program/ total costs of organization; total staff Office space rent and facilities maintenance total staff Sq. ft. occupied per program / total sq. ft. Utilities total office staff Supplies total supplies IT hardware and maintenance total laptops IT software licenses Number of software licenses utilized Depreciation (equipment) total equipment total hours used Legal fees total hours billed by organization Shared marketing materials and advertising costs Materials ordered by program total ads (if available) Subscriptions overall staff Training, overall staff Determination of the Costs as Requested by Jon Cruise: Island Wheels Ltd Method of Apportionment Road Trek BMX Total Units Produced 1500 1000 500 Direct Material Materials Used gm 750 1400 850 3000 Total Materials 1125000 1400000 425000 2950000 Labour Overhead Direct Labour hours 2.5 3 1.5 7 Total labour Hour 3750 3000 750 7500 Machine related overhead Machine hours 1 0.5 0.25 1.75 Total Machine Hour 750 700 212.5 1662.5 Estimated Cost Total Cost Direct Material 472,000 180,000 224,000 68,000 Labour Overhead 37000 18500 14800 3700 Machine related overhead 43000 19398 18105 5496 If the number of labour hours and the machine hours are increased significantly, then the cost of each unit produced will be different. Total labour hours consumed is 7500 hours and if it is increased to 8500 hours. The labour cost will increase by $80,000. If the machine time is increased to 2300 hours, the extra machine hours would be $51000. This would ultimately increase the overhead cost but also increase the production at the same time. Calculate the Product Cost: Island Wheels Ltd Method of Apportionment Road Trek BMX Total Units Produced 1500 1000 500 Direct Material Materials Used gm 750 1400 850 3000 Total Materials 1125000 1400000 425000 2950000 Labour Overhead Direct Labour hours 2.5 3 1.5 7 Total labour Hour 3750 3000 750 7500 Machine related overhead Machine hours 1 0.5 0.25 1.75 Total Machine Hour 750 700 212.5 1662.5 Estimated Cost Total Cost Direct Material 472,000 180,000 224,000 68,000 Labour Overhead 37000 18500 14800 3700 Machine related overhead 43000 19398 18105 5496 Actual Cost Total Cost Direct Material 472,000 180,000 224,000 68,000 Labour Overhead 600,000 300,000 240,000 60,000 Machine related overhead 133,000 60,000 56,000 17,000 Cost of Product 1,205,000 540,000 520,000 145,000 The estimated cost of the cycles will not match with the actual cost. The cost drivers will determine the cost of overhead significantly higher. Therefore the apportionment of the cost in the basis of machine hours and labour hours would be inappropriate. It should be linked to number of bicycles produced (Accountingcoach 2016). Explain the Concept of ABC: ABC termed as Activity-based costing is a system followed in calculating a cost of product by taking into consideration the different resources, activities relating to processing the final product, all direct and indirect cost to be incurred for processing the product. ABC is a modern approach to determine the exact cost of a product. With the help of this method, the company can be able to calculate the cost of each product, services and activities. ABC is a activity based management for apportionment of overhead cost and other direct costs for identifying strength and weaknesses of production and other departments in a manufacturing industry. The allocation of the cost is entirely dependent on the use of the effective cost drivers where management has responsibility to allocate the cost based on the basis of activities of the production department (Way 2016). The production department and the managers has the primary role to locate the loopholes in is the management and the production department which is causing drainage of resources. The ABC can allocate costs and provide much needed inputs to find out the activities responsible for loss or declined profit. The manufacturing industries have to follow various procurement process and the allocation of the raw material and other resources to production. The major process of manufacturing involves allocation of raw materials labours and other things of manufacturing are to run machine for production. The cost in production of each unit of product will be apportioned on the basis of cost drivers and that will allow better opportunity for the business to grow and cut cost (Lister 2016). This is an enormous task to be managed by ABC. The right direction and the process of allocation would yield better results for the organisation. The organisation has the chances of increasing the cost of production. ABC costing for production and apportionment of the cost effusively analyses procurement and other policies and for the production at different level manages. The professional has to do the duty according to the proposed code of conduct for apportionment of raw materials of best grade with rest of job is on the application department. Advantages of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) Helps to find out the product and service which is not generating enough profits for the company. Helps to find out production or service activities which are out dated and more cost burden for the company thereby increasing the cost of the product. The cost calculated under this method is more accurate and realistic. Two or more products undergoing same activity can be allocated a cost which is reliable as all overheads are considered. The required information from each processing department can be obtained to make allocate profits of different products and services. It is a measurement tool to understand a product and its cost to a customer and profits to a company. Useful in large manufacturing firms. Better tool for management to allocate resources properly. Limitations of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) It is a costly method as compared to traditional method. Difficult to select the most appropriate cost drive. Difficult to calculate cost on the basis of activities. Mid-sized firms, small manufacturing firms cannot afford the cost of ABC method. Time consuming as staff from each department may be not co-operative to share information. ABC Should be Introduced in Island Wheels Ltd: The main factor of ABC costing is nothing but apportionment of the cost on the basis of cost drivers. The conception would be better applied in an manufacturing organization which has multiple cost heads included in the production or manufacturing process. There are several other reasons for using ABM and the ABC techniques in cost of unit calculation, the cost calculated is separately analysed which equip every organization related to understanding of cost cutting. The ABC techniques are applied in major industries like General Electric. The Chief Executive Jeffery Immelt once told President Obama regarding application of ABC techniques in these organizations which helped him to evaluate the cost structure of GE in America and other parts of the world in terms of labour cost. A wall street journal also reported that Wal-Mart is opening store all over the world and hiring most of the employees who are not US citizens (Matthews 2012). This is to be acknowledged that main objective of the ABC costing can only when successful costing with aide of ABC can squeeze the cost out of the system. The better allocation of labour and the material can save cost and time and make manufacturing more efficient. The application of ABC would be successful in larger organisation. Island Wheels Ltd is comparatively small organisation to be able to control the factors of costing with aide of ABC costing. The important factor of ABC costing is review of the previous year performance to achieve next years goal (Efinancemanagement 2016). The forecasting of profit in an organisation is dependent on many factors and ABC is one of such factors. Profit estimation and cost allocation would be more effective in large organisation where the efficiency is measured on the basis of performance. ABC is used as a tool for effective management system for sustained growth and profitability(Business 2016). Conclusion: The understanding of ABC costing is bright from the point of view of the management. It can be best utilised for understanding of cost allocation. The growth factor of the business is to ensure smooth operation and cost control. If the costs are not controlled in the proper manner it would not help in building the organisation goals. The assessment of ABC is entirely dependent on te management and the efficiency of the management to create value for its goods. The important factor of ABC is understood in this report but the application carries a lot of risks including risk of cost escalation unless the cost factors and the cost drivers are allocated properly. The efficiency of the worker will not be judged by ABC if it is applied in a small industry. The ABC costing would be effective better in larger organisation with different departments where efficiency is only being judged with cost drivers. References: Accountingcoach. "What is a cost driver? accessed 09 13, 2016" www.accountingcoach.com. www.accountingcoach.com. 2016. https://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/what-is-a-cost-driver. Business. "Activity Based Costing ABC, and ABC Management Explained." accessed 09 13, 2016 www.business-case-analysis.com. www.business-case-analysis.com. 2016. https://www.business-case-analysis.com/activity-based-costing.html. Economics. "Variable Costs and Fixed Costs." economics.fundamentalfinance.com. economics.fundamentalfinance.com. 2016. accessed 09 13, 2016 https://economics.fundamentalfinance.com/micro_costs.php. Efinancemanagement. "Cost Drivers." accessed 09 13, 2016 www.efinancemanagement.com. www.efinancemanagement.com. 2016. https://www.efinancemanagement.com/costing-terms/cost-drivers. Johnson, Rose. Traditional Costing Vs. Activity-Based Costing. 2016. accessed 04 10, 2016 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/traditional-costing-vs-activitybased-costing-33724.html. Lister, onathan. "Product Costing vs. Cost Accounting." smallbusiness.chron.com. smallbusiness.chron.com. 2016. accessed 09 16, 2016 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/product-costing-vs-cost-accounting-37642.html. Matthews, Merrill. "Companies 'Outsource' Because That's Where The Sales Are." www.forbes.com. www.forbes.com. 2012. accessed 09 16, 2016 https://www.forbes.com/sites/merrillmatthews/2012/07/20/companies-outsource-because-thats-where-the-sales-are/2/. Smith, Charmayne. "How to Calculate Predetermined Overhead Rate Machine Hours." smallbusiness.chron.com. smallbusiness.chron.com. 2016. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/calculate-predetermined-overhead-rate-machine-hours-38399.html. Study. "Total Cost in Economics: Definition Formula." study.com. study.com. 2016. https://study.com/academy/lesson/total-cost-in-economics-definition-formula.html. Way, Jay. "How to Determine Cost Drivers." smallbusiness.chron.com. smallbusiness.chron.com. 2016. accessed 09 13, 2016 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/determine-cost-drivers-40992.html. www.accountingcoach.com. What is process costing? 2016. https://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/what-is-process-costing.

Public Policy Essay Example

Public Policy Essay Final Paper Brittany Baity PPA603: Government Budgeting (MBQ 1118A) Instructor:   Chiji Ohayia June 06, 2011 Public policy is the study of policy making by governments. A governments public policy is the set of policies (laws, plans, actions, behaviors) that it chooses. (Lee, Johnson, Joyce, 2008) Since governments claim authority and responsibility (to varying degrees) over a large group of individuals, they see fit to establish plans and methods of action that will govern that society. I will discuss the possible funding options for reducing Georgia’s sex offender rate, evaluate how public policy decisions affect the receipt of revenues, and develop a revenue policy that aligns with community values. It is a parent’s nightmare: a son or daughter is abducted, sexually assaulted and murdered by a predator that had been lurking, undetected, in their community. In 2006, President George W. Bush signed the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, which mandated the maintenance of a national registry of sex offenders, greatly expanded the legal definition of sex offenses and sex offenders, and established Project Safe Childhood program within the U. S. Department of Justice, Project Safe Childhood includes grants to states to help combat Internet predators as well as to help fund civil commitments, and aims to coordinate federal, state and local efforts to vigorously investigate and prosecute crimes against children, including sexual assault, child pornography, and kidnapping. Brown, 2009) Since the mid 1990’s, sex offenders policy in Georgia has become increasingly more punitive and restrictive. (Williams, 2011) Anyone convicted of a sex crime is required to register as a sex offender. This person will have his or her personal details and crimes committed listed on Web-based notification sites for the remainder of his or her life, and will have restrictions on where he or she can live and will be recommended to a treatment center following release from prison. The core assumption that most children are sexually assaulted by strangers who are repeat offenders has not been supported by research. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A statistical report published by the Georgia Department of Justice in 2000 revealed that only seven percent of offenders who sexually assaulted juveniles aged 0 to 17 were strangers to their victims; the vast majority of juveniles were assaulted by an acquaintance e. g. family friend, babysitter, neighbor, teacher, coach, or religious leader. This report also included that sexual assault of children ages twelve and under has been characterized by subjective assessments or typical high profile crimes for too long. Brown, 2009) Those who argue that current policies are based on inaccurate assumptions about the perpetrators or sexual assaults against children are often quickly silenced by those who point to the horrific crimes committed by a few sadistic repeat offenders. Many experts agree that current sex offender policies—including registration, community notification, mandatory sentencing, civil commitment, and GPS tracking aimed at convicted sex offenders—do nothing to protect children from the individuals who are most likely to sexually assault them. Studies show that there are more than 500,000 registered sex offenders in the United States, and there are an estimated 100,000 sex offenders who are missing from the system. (Brown, 2009) Loopholes in this current system have allowed some sexual predators to evade law enforcement and place our children at risk. Some may wonder why there is such a focus on sex offenders. Why is there such a focus on pedophiles and sex offenders and rapists? The reason is, if Georgian’s look at the statistics it has the highest recidivist offender rate of any crime, even higher than murderers and armed robbery. As a society, people must share revulsion for what these criminals do to our children. The crimes are so terrible, that people are uncomfortable talking about them, but if people are to make real progress such as organizing community meetings, law enforcement become more aggressive and also create more victim groups. The Government created a Project Safe Childhood which is a program to protect children from rapist and sex offenders. The Project Safe Childhood will make a ground for a national zero-tolerance culture. The Project Safe Childhood program is a strong three-legged stool: one leg is the federal contributions led by the United States Attorneys around the country, another is state and local law enforcement, including the Internet Crimes Against Children task forces funded by the Department’s Office of Justice Programs and the third is non-governmental organizations, like the Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. [NCMEC] (Geffner, 2008) Under the Project Safe Childhood structure, state, local and federal partners are seeking the toughest sentences possible. The Government has made half a million dollars available for the Project Safe Childhood program. This program intends to bring state and local law enforcem ent together with federal prosecutors from their regions. Cooperative law-enforcement work on the registry has already led to some great stories of success. The first case brought under the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act involved a fugitive who was arrested by the Social Security Administration for allegedly using a false name and another man’s Social Security number as he tried to set up a new identity for himself. It turns out that this individual was convicted for assaulting a police officer and possession of sexually exploitive material in Idaho in 2003 and he was wanted on a probation violation in another state for failing to register as a sex offender. He had done so at his first address, but did not re-register when he moved and then fled the state. Deputy U. S. Marshals working with the Social Security Administration and the local U. S. Attorney’s office built a case against the man and he was charged via criminal complaint for failing to register as a sex offender. The charges were brought in October 2006, making this the first case charged under the new act. (Geffner, 2008) The importance of the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King said that â€Å"History will have to record that the greatest tragedy of this period of social transition was not the strident clamor of the bad people, but the appalling silence of the good people. † (Schuster, 2010)As a community we must seed our communities with our knowledge and our passion. Remember that this communication starts with each other, the Project Safe Childhood partners. U. S. Attorney’s offices need to be calling their state and local partners constantly. When working together several of these problems will begin to cease. Politicians, child advocates, and journalists denounce current sex offender laws as ineffective and flawed, yet are rarely able to articulate exactly why new laws are needed. Instead, they cite each news story about a kidnapped child or web predator as proof that more laws are needed, as if sex crimes would cease if only the penalties were harsher, or enough people were monitored. The fact that rare crimes continue to be committed does not necessarily imply that current laws against those crimes are inadequate. By that standard, any law is ineffective if someone violates that law. (Geffner, 2008) Nearly all of the sex offender policy issues currently debated including registration, community notification, residency restrictions, civil commitment, classification of juveniles as sex offenders, mandatory sentencing, the death penalty, and castration all involve achieving an effective balance of public safety, maintaining individual civil liberties, and a just and efficient allocation of resources. Those who participate in the public discourse on sex offender policy share a desire to protect children and reduce sexual assault but differ greatly in their opinions about the rights of offenders and their assessment of just and effective punishment and management of sex offenders. Many lawmakers and political pundits argue that sex offenders’ rights are forfeited when they commit crimes against children. They support their arguments by citing cases in which repeat offenders have assaulted and murdered children after they have been released from prison; for such offenders, these commentators argue, no punishment is too harsh and no price is too high. On the other side of the debate, civil libertarians and victims’ rights advocates, mental health professionals, defense attorneys, and members of the law enforcement community assert that there are too many restrictions place on too many offenders. Furthermore, opponents of stricter policies argue that such measures result in unfairly harsh penalties for individuals including juveniles, teens who engaged in consensual sex, and those arrested for public urination and indecent exposure. These individuals are labeled as sex offenders but pose no threat of violence to their communities. Public safety and federal, state, and local budgets would be better served, by targeting only those sex offenders who commit forcible sex crimes or demonstrate a tendency toward violence. A case which illustrates the complexities of the debate over whether current sex offender policies are just and effective is that of Genarlow Wilson, who was sentenced to 10 years in prison without possibility of parole in 2005 after he was videotaped having consensual oral sex with a 15-year-old girl at a 2003 New Years Eve party in Georgia. Oral sex between teens constituted aggravated child molestation and carried a mandatory sentence under a Georgia state law in effect in 2003. The Georgia law was changed in 2006, and now consensual oral sex between teens is a misdemeanor punishable by a maximum of one year behind bars with no requirement to register as a sex offender. (Williams, 2011) Mandy of the most thoughtful commentators on the prevention of sexual violence urge a public health approach to the problem of sexual violence. Sexual violence, like the classic infectious diseases, smallpox, measles, has widespread negative effects on our society. The public health approach, a systematic application of scientific learning aimed at understanding and addressing root causes, could help effectively reduce sexual violence in the same way that it has controlled many infectious diseases. The public health approach entails a systematic method of analysis, a way of seeing the problem in a larger, more contextualized framework. It divides interventions into three categories: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention efforts focus on stopping sexually abusive behaviors before it starts. The public health approach is aimed at changing the conditions that produce the problem. Secondary programs focus on those at high risk for offending as well as stopping recent sexual offenders from re-offending. Tertiary prevention involves trying to stop future violence by those who have a history of offending behaviors. (Brown, 2009) The public health approach uses systematic and empirically based information for deciding how best to attack a public health problem like sexual violence. It consciously looks beyond individual characteristics or offenders to identify causes that exist at a societal of community level. These classic steps that enabled public health to conquer infectious disease aim to address violence comprehensively. The first step is ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors. The second step is identifying causes through research, and the third step is the development and evaluation of programs. Finally, the public health model engages in dissemination and implementation communicating which preventive programs work based on evaluation of data and putting these programs into practice. The public health approach helps us understand the difference between thinking about a problem like sexual violence at the scale of individuals and thinking about it from the perspective of the population as a whole. The public health approach allows us to see that there is collective risk as well as individual risk, and that the worst of the worst account for only a fraction of the collective risk posed by sexual violence. The public health approach, by insisting on empirically based policies for reducing exual violence. Unlike the conventional narrow and politicized approach that values only punishment, public health advocates understand the need for a comprehensive approach addressing all levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. (Schuster, 2010) The predator laws exemplify an approach that is 180 degrees from these public health principles. The predator laws were not based on research. They make no pretense of attacking the root causes of sexual violence or changing the conditions that produce it. Rather, they take a simple containment approach to those who are already identified as dangerous offenders. Far from being comprehensive, they focus only on a small part of the problem, a part that is far removed from the root causes or the experiences of most victims of sexual violence. There has been little research about the effectiveness of the predator law approaches and little reason to believe that they have reduced the scope of sexual violence in any meaningful way. The public health approach allows people to see what a focus on identified individual offender’s hides: the value and necessity of primary prevention, because most sexual violence does not show up in the criminal justice system, most will remain unaddressed by secondary and tertiary interventions. Primary prevention is proactive, while the secondary and tertiary methods are reactive. Primary prevention aims at addressing sexual violence before it happens. Secondary and tertiary approaches become applicable only after an offender has begun abusing victims. Although primary prevention programs are in their infancy, and their effectiveness is as yet unproven, they have a number of attractions. They are relatively cheap and can reach large numbers of people. They aim to change root causes of sexual violence by addressing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors and thus stop sexual violence before it begins. Secondary and tertiary approaches, in contrast, do not address new entrants into sexual offending, but confine their attention to those who have already offended. Another key advocate of public health approaches is Kathleen Basile, an official with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Basile states that â€Å"more attention should be given to primary prevention of sexual violence if real gains are to be made in decreasing this problem. † Basile argues that â€Å"national campaigns against sexual violence in the media could affect rates of sexual offending by gradually influencing societal norms that condone sexual aggression. † She cites campaigns regarding the use of utomobile seat belts, â€Å"largely because the norms about wearing seat belts have changed through public awareness combined with changes in laws. † Smoking cessation campaigns provide another example of the larger society getting involved in preventing a widespread problem. She also stated that â€Å"the same societal urgency needs to be established around decreasing sexual violence perpetration by involving the public in large-scale sexual viol ence preventive efforts. † (Brown, 2009) Primary prevention programs are largely in the developmental stage. Restorative justice approaches seek to facilitate offender reintegration while emphasizing the importance of accountability and community safety. The restorative justice movement argues that restorative approaches produce greater prospects of safety, because they place offenders within a web of relationships that helps ensure accountability is on redressing harm to the victim. These programs operate at both the internal and external levels, providing â€Å"opportunities for hop and recovery† and a feeling of acceptance, along with the kinds of family and community connections that enable the community to exert its normal forms or control. The key is the ability for these programs to accommodate and promotes both â€Å"accountability and understanding. † The laws have failed so miserably, reform of statutes of limitations is needed for all victims, past and present. The solution needs no task force or further study. It is clear: statutes of limitations for sexual abuse of children need to be abolished. Murder has no statute of limitations because the victim can never speak for himself or herself. Child abuse is a little different. It involves a heinous crime, a powerless and vulnerable victim incapable of speaking for himself or herself and the murder of the victim’s very childhood and soul. On July 20, 2005 the U. S. Department of Justice launched the National Sex Offender Public Registry (NSOPR), a searchable Web site that links state and territory sex-offender public registries and allows users access to public information on sex offenders throughout the country. NSOPR, which currently links to 22 state registries, offers information on almost 200,000 registered sex offenders nationwide. America’s communities have long awaited a national site to search for sex offenders. NSOPR was built in partnership with federal, state, and private sector partners. (Brown, 2009) NSOPR allows states to maintain control over their own data. States are actively participating in this unprecedented public safety opportunity in large part because they retain control over their public sex-offender data, rather than submitting it to a costly or difficult-to-maintain national repository. By design, once a query has been entered, NSOPR simply delivers users to the state site hosting the information. NSOPR is cost-effective for both citizens and states. Unlike some Web sites that claim to offer national sex-offender information, NSOPR does not require users to submit extensive personal information or to pay a fee to access the information they seek. Equally important, states bear no cost to link to the site, which has cost the Department of Justice and its partners just under $1 million to design and deliver. From a technology standpoint, NSOPR bandwidth, as well load capacity, will be added to enlarge the tunnel through which queries travel, allowing searches to reach state public sex-offender registries more quickly. NSOPR currently gives concerned citizens easy-to-use and free access to information on two out every live registered sex offenders in the United States. In the absence of an informed public debate on the re-entry of those who have been convicted of sex crimes, fear-based laws are being enacted across the country. Recent trends have made community re-entry across the country. Recent trends have made community re-entry the trigger point for society’s most venomous and simplistic responses toward people with a history of sexually offending. Ironically, the re-entry process also has the potential to become one of the best forums for creating the conditions for a safer community and preventing the sexual abuse of children. In many instances, the general public and policy-makers continue to hold beliefs that are not based on the current research. As a result, laws have several assumptions embedded in them that impact re-entry negatively and are not supported by the scientific evidence. As a culture, we have historically opted for silence and denial rather than to educate ourselves with accurate information about child sexual abuse or even about sexuality in general. The current vituperative and punitive tone evidenced in the media and policy discussions begs the question of whether or not those with sexual behavior problems feel they can come forward and seek help. Creating the conditions for openness about sexually disordered and sexually exploitive behavior includes addressing the need for factual information. The state-by-state sex offender registries were meant to assist law enforcement and probation and parole officers in the supervision of those who have been convicted of sex crimes, not to create conditions of greater danger to community members. The Georgia Legislature’s passage of harsh new restrictions on registered sex offenders prompted Stop It Now! Georgia’s public education is a critical first step in protecting children from child sexual abuse. In accordance with O. C. G. A.  §Ã‚  42-1-12, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) is the central repository for Georgias Violent Sexual Offender Registry. Williams, 2011) The Georgia Bureau of Investigation makes every effort to ensure that the information contained in the Georgia Sex Offender Registry is accurate. As the information is provided by other agencies and entities and is continuously changing, the GBI makes no promise or any express or implied guarantee concerning the accuracy of this information. The G eorgia Public Policy Foundation (GPPF) is a free-market think tank based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The President and Chief Executive Officer is Rogers Wade. Its board of directors currently includes twenty seven men and women from around the state. The foundation were established in the fall of 1991. The mission of the foundation is to be the most respected and influential source of public policy research, analysis and education in Georgia. The foundation states its belief that good public policy is based upon fact, an understanding of sound economic principles and the core principles of our free enterprise system economic freedom, limited government, personal responsibility, individual initiative, respect for private property and the rule of law. In 2004, the foundation was ranked in the November-December issue of James Magazine for being No. 1 for highest integrity and No. 3 for most knowledgeable among business organizations or state associations. (Williams, 2011) At its best, community re-entry becomes a cooperative process with a role for all of use to play in preventing future sexual assaults, whether as a private citizen, a publi c official, or agency professional. True primary prevention demands that each of us be accountable for educating ourselves with a clear understanding of the facts, so we as American citizens can take the necessary actions in our personal and professional lives to prevent the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children. To conclude, Public policy is policies making by governments. A governments public policy is the set of policies (laws, plans, actions, behaviors) that it chooses. Since governments claim authority and responsibility (to varying degrees) over a arge group of individuals, they see fit to establish plans and methods of action that will govern that society. Georgia has several different programs that benefit victims and their families after being victimized. The federal government funds these programs and makes them available to everyone in the community. People have to become more aware of sexual offenders in our community. This is a crime that continues to rise if the Public does not take action to i t immediately. Reference Page: Brown, Mark 2009. Dangerous Offenders: Punishment and Social Order. New York: NY Geffner, Robert 2008 Identifying and Treating Sex Offenders: Current Approaches, Research, and Techniques. Binghamton, NY; The Haworth Maltreatment ; Trauma Press Lee, R. D. , Johnson, R. W. , ; Joyce, P. G. (2008) Public budgeting systems (8th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Schuster II, W. Michael 2010 For the Greater Good: The Use of Public Policy Considerations in Confirming Plans of Reorganization New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing, LLC Williams, Cathy The Georgia Public Policy foundation retrieved from http://www. gppf. org/ on June 5, 2011